Kathirvel, K (2013) A Toxicological study on Thurusu Parpam (துருசு பற்பம்). Masters thesis, Government Siddha Medical College, Palayamkottai.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTON: Copper and its derivatives had been firmly established as an important drug in Roman physician Cornelius Celsu‟s pharmacopoeia for treatment of venereal diseases and non-healing chronic ulcers. Copper was also employed in ancient India and Persia to treat lung diseases. The tenth century book, Liber Fundamentorum Pharmacologiae describes the use of copper compounds for medicinal purposes in ancient Persia. Powdered malachite was sprinkled on boils, copper acetate as well as and copper oxide were used for diseases of the eye and for the elimination of "yellow bile." Nomadic Mongolian tribes treated and healed ulcers of venereal origin with orally administered copper sulfate. Copper is known to be an essential element in human metabolism. However, copper does not exist in the body in measurable amounts in ionic form. All measurable amounts of copper in the body exist in tissues as complexes with the organic compounds of proteins and enzymes. Some copper complexes serve to store copper, others to transport it, and yet others play important roles in key cellular and metabolic processes. Therefore, it has been concluded that copper becomes and remains intimately involved in body processes. AIM AND OBJECTIVES: AIM: To purify Thurusu (Copper Sulphate) and prepare Thurusu Parpam using traditional siddha methods with detailed study on acute and long term toxicity of “THURUSU PARPAM” in animal model (Wister albino rats) OBJECTIVE: 1. Purification of THURUSU using siddha literature, 2. Preparation of THURUSU PARPAM using siddha literature, 3. Chemical analysis of THURUSU PARPAM, 4. Toxicity study on “THURUSU PARPAM” using animal models; a. Acute Toxicity, b. Chronic Toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MATERIALS REQUIRED: Purification: 1. Raw Copper Sulphate 2. Cow’s Urine Drug preparation: 1. Purified copper sulphate, 2 .Leaf extract of Datura metel, 3. Leaf extract of Trichodesma indicum. TOXICOLOGICAL STUDY: Animals Wistar albino rats (200 ± 25 g) bred in the animal house of GSMC, palayamkottai, were used. The animals were housed in wire-bottomed cages under a uniform condition of temperature and humidity and fed with normal food and tap water. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS: 1. Ammonium Oxalate, 2. Barium Chloride, 3. Silver Nitrate, 4. Conc. Hydrochloric Acid, 5. Iodine Solution, 6. Glacial Acetic Acid, 7. Potassium Ferro Cyanide, 8. Conc. Nitric Acid, 9. Ammonium Thiocyanate, 10. Ammonium Molybdate, 11. Esbatch‟S Reagent, 12. Ferric Chloride, 13. Potassium Permanganate, 14. Ninhydrin , 15. Potassium Ferrocyanide. METHODS: PURIFICATION: 35gm of copper sulphate is taken in a vessel containing cow‟s urine and is heated till the cow‟s urine gets dried. This process should be repeated thrice. SUMMARY: Toxicological effect of Thurusu Parpam, a known drug used in treatment Respiratory and G-I tract disorders is evaluated in this research work. Various quantitative and qualitative analysis has shown the presence of sulphate, calcium and chloride and copper in the drug. An acute and chronic study was performed in wister albino rats for a period of 24hours and 90days respectively. In acute study, all the animals fed with the drug doesn‟t showed any toxicological symptoms with normal hematological reports But in case of chronic toxicity studies, though animals didn‟t show any toxic symptoms at higher dosage levels (80mg/100gm), histopathology studies revealed the presence of focal interstitial edema with inflammatory cell infiltration in kidney and focal necrosis and mild sinusoidal dilatation in liver. These data‟s indicate that though the drug is toxic at higher levels, but very safe at therapeutic dosage prescribed by siddha medical practitioners. So over consumption due to improper medication/self-medication may lead to significant toxic effects. Although most of the siddha medicinal preparations have metal contents far greater than the WHO limits, the toxicity of a preparation need not directly correlate with the metal content in the sample. The chemical nature of the metal, route of administration, dosage, residence time within the body, pharmacokinetics and dynamics, bioavailability, metabolic transformations of the preparation, age, gender, physiology, nature and stage of disease, and diet can influence the toxic manifestations of the Thurusu Parpam. Therefore, a careful analysis of all these parameters is required in order to establish the risk involved in Thurusu Parpam. CONCLUSION: Even though the metals are purified and believed to be non-toxic according to Siddha system, this only refers to the clinical or therapeutic dose, which is minimal. So over consumption due to improper medication/self-medication may lead to significant toxic effects. Although most of the siddha medicinal preparations have metal contents far greater than the WHO limits, the toxicity of a preparation need not directly correlate with the metal content in the sample. The chemical nature of the metal, route of administration, dosage, residence time within the body, pharmacokinetics and dynamics, bioavailability, metabolic transformations of the preparation, age, gender, physiology, nature and stage of disease, and diet can influence the toxic manifestations of the Thurusu Parpam. Therefore, a careful analysis of all these parameters is required in order to establish the risk involved in a given Thurusu Parpam. Variations in therapeutic doses are recommended by practitioners for different ailments. Practioners in siddha medicines adopt a holistic approach to treatment and consider the physiological aspects of an individual along with the type of disease and stage of presentation. Diet restrictions also contribute to alterations in the pharmacokinetics, and thus labeling a traditional medicine preparation as toxicity based only on the metal content seems inappropriate. However, in-depth and systematic investigations are not available for these preparations. Pre-clinical studies are needed after conversion of the human therapeutic dose to an animal dose, and both short-term and long-term toxicity have to be evaluated. Significant and substantial amount of data through these studies can provide a platform for designing human clinical trials. Even though cinnabar has been used for centuries in traditional medicine, pharmaco-vigilance never existed then and does not even prevail in the modern era. The need for patient follow-up after counseling and drug therapy was rare in earlier times, and even now it is not followed stringently. Hence, scientific evidence is lacking to confirm the safety and efficacy of these drugs. No pharmco-therapeutic studies exist to analyze the benefits of these drugs. Shortcomings in choice of animal models and proper design of experiments to assess toxicity have hampered the risk assessment of these traditional preparations, and hence there is a requirement for more comprehensive studies to understand the ramifications of these therapeutic processes.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
|---|---|
| Additional Information: | Reg No. 32103505 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Thurusu Parpam ; Copper sulphate ; Toxicological study. |
| Subjects: | AYUSH > Nanju Noolum Maruthuva Neethi Noolum |
| Depositing User: | Subramani R |
| Date Deposited: | 13 Apr 2018 02:46 |
| Last Modified: | 03 May 2018 02:13 |
| URI: | http://repository-tnmgrmu.ac.in/id/eprint/6976 |
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