Shanmugasundaram, E C (2016) Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Aqueous Extract of Leaves Of Oryza Sativa Linn in In-Vitro Enzyme Assays and Carageenan Induced Paw Edema in Wistar Rats. Masters thesis, J.K.K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Komarapalayam.
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Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of leaves of Oryza sativa Linn. by carrying out the pharmacological studies with the aqueous extract of leaves of Oryza sativa Linn. While over-the-counter painkillers can be really helpful, and in some cases may be the best option, they can also cause gastrointestinal upset and definitely aren’t the best long-term strategy for coping with chronic pain. The goal is, of course, to try and help relieve pain by developing a new herbal remedy for the inflammatory action. Among the various Complementary and alternative medicine, “herbal medicine” is the most popular and fastest growing approach used to treat various ailments worldwide.[1] The side effects produced by the synthetic agents include dizziness, weakness and increasing the gatric ulceration, elevates liver enzyme (diclofenac),nausea, vomiting, pruritis, headache, insomnia, steven johnson syndrome, peptic ulcer and nephrotoxicity caused by NSAIDs (aniline derivative), etc. The key to reduce chronic inflammation in our body starts with our diet and being liberal in the use of high-quality herbs and spices is one simple way to boost the quality of our food. They are an inexpensive "secret weapon" that just about everyone can take advantage of. Spicing up our meals is not enough, however, if processed foods comprise the bulk part of our life. Thus there is a need to replace synthetic agents by safe and effective plant based herbal remedies as anti-inflammatory agents. Many plants extracts have been used as anti-inflammatory agent in folklore claim and in traditional medicines. DISCUSSION:At present, most inflammatory diseases are treated with conventional antiinflammatory drugs, such as steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (SAIDs) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, prolonged use of these drugs may produce many adverse effects, including gastrointestinal disorders,[68,69] immunodeficiency and humoral disturbances.[70] From long time plants have been used as source of drugs for the treatment of various ailments in developed as well as developing countries. In the present study, aqueous extract of leaves of Oryza sativa Linn. was evaluated for its and antiinflammatory activity in experimental rats. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the aqueous extract of leaves of Oryza sativa Linn. showed the presence of phytochemical such as Alkaloids, Carbohydrate, Steroids, Phenols, Flavanoids, Terpenoids. Acute oral toxicity studies of the aqueous extract of leaves of Oryza sativa Linn. were performed by using OECD 423 guidelines. Studies did not exhibit any lethality or any profound toxic reactions at a dose of 2000 mg/kg/p.o. According to the OECD 423 guidelines, for acute oral toxicity study, LD50 dose of 2000 mg/kg/p.o of the aqueous extract of leaves of Oryza sativa Linn. was found to be safe. From this statistical analysis, it was concluded that the ‘Carrageenan induced’ Group II shows the inflammatory action and elevated level of Paw Volume is observed. But the 4th and 5th group deals with the anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of leaves of Oryza sativa Linn. which gives low Paw Volume at the end of 6th h. The antiinflammatory activity is more effective in Group IV Carrageenan induction with oral administration of aqueous extract of leaves of Oryza sativa Linn. of 200 mg/kg/p.o compared to Group V in which Carrageenan given after the oral administration of aqueous extract of leaves of Oryza sativa Linn. of 400 mg/kg/i.p. Significant inhibition of paw edema was observed with both doses tested till the sixth hour. However, maximum inhibition of paw edema was found to be in Group IV 87.24 % and although the inhibition of paw edema with the extract was higher than that found with the standard drug Indomethacin. The low percentage of inhibition is 43.12 % which belongs to the Group II i.e., Carrageenan alone induced. The duration of action was found to be comparable to that of Indomethacin till the sixth hour during investigation. CONCLUSION: Phenolics are ubiquitous secondary metabolites in plants and possess a wide range of therapeutic uses such as antioxidant, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, free radical scavenging activities. These also decrease cardiovascular complications. The scavenging ability of the phenolics is mainly due to the presence of hydroxyl groups. The aqueous extract of leaves of Oryza sativa Linn. showed significantly higher inhibition percentage (stronger hydrogen-donating ability) positively correlated with total phenolic content. Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds, which exhibit several biological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatotoxic, anti-ulcer, anti-allergic, anti-viral, and anti-cancer activities. The present investigation suggests that the aqueous extract of leaves of Oryza sativa Linn. shows good antioxidant activity, reducing power, free radical scavenging activity and hepatic protection. Phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of leaves of Oryza sativa Linn. reveals the presence of Alkaloids, Carbohydrate, Steroids, Phenols, Flavanoids, Terpenoids. Acute oral toxicity studies of the aqueous extract of leaves of Oryza sativa Linn. did not produce any mortality or signs of toxicity at the dose of 2000 mg/kg b.w/p.o, in experimental rats. Since carrageenan-induced inflammation model is a significant predictive test for antiinflammatory agents acting by the mediators of acute inflammation the results of this study are an indication that Oryza sativa Linn. can be effective in acute inflammatory disorders.[3] In this study, maximum inhibition of paw edema was found to be in Group IV pretreated with the aqueous extract of leaves of Oryza sativa Linn. (400 mg/kg). Although the inhibition of paw edema with the extract was higher than that found with the standard drug Indomethacin is suggestive of its protective effect against inflammation. During inflammation, the extracellular proteins of the connective tissue can also be degraded by proteases released from (polymorphonuclear) PMNs or macrophages. It is not easily decided at present whether proteolytic degradation or free radical – dependent fragmentation is responsible for the phagocyte dependent connective tissue lesions and most likely these are not mutually exclusive. A preceding or simultaneous free radical induced fragmentation could render the connective tissue accessible to enzymatic degradation. The aqueous extract of leaves of Oryza sativa Linn. (400 mg/kg) possess good anti-inflammatory activity against carageenan induced paw edema by increasing the level of TP, ALP, SGOT and SGPT in serum. Our body has an effective defense system against free radical induced damage. It consists of a set of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, two of the key components of which is catalase (CAT) Superoxide dismutase (SOD).[71] Superoxide production by leukocytes apparently contributes to the killing of ingested bacteria.[72] Regarding non-enzymic antioxidants, reduced glutathione (GSH) is a critical determinant of tissue susceptibility to oxidative damage. It is an intracellular reductant which is extensively found in cells. It protects cells against electrophilic attacks by xenobiotics such as free radicals peroxides. In the present study it is observed that, the antioxidant studies reveal that the levels of renal (hepatic enzymes) GSH, SOD, CAT, GPx and Na+/K+ATPase in the carageenan treated animals were decreased significantly along with an increased LPO content compared to control group. On treating with the aqueous extract of leaves of Oryza sativa Linn. (400 mg/kg) LPO, GSH, SOD, CAT, GPx, Na+/K+ATPase levels were increased with negative control. In the present study it was confirmed that, the aqueous extract of leaves of Oryza sativa Linn. (400 mg/kg) possess anti-inflammatory activity. The result also supports the plant in the treatment of inflammation related disease traditionally. Further isolation, characterization and purification of the active constituents and further experimentation would be necessary to elucidate the exact mechanism of action of leaves of Oryza sativa Linn.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Anti-Inflammatory Effect ; Aqueous Extract of Leaves ; Oryza Sativa Linn ; In-Vitro Enzyme Assays ; Carageenan Induced Paw Edema ; Wistar Rats |
| Subjects: | PHARMACY > Pharmacology |
| Depositing User: | Ravindran C |
| Date Deposited: | 05 Jan 2018 05:41 |
| Last Modified: | 05 Jan 2018 05:41 |
| URI: | http://repository-tnmgrmu.ac.in/id/eprint/4951 |
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