Jenet Jemilamary, V A (2016) In Vitro Anti-Cancer Activities of Vitex Negundo and Heliotropium Indicum Extracts against Human Cancer Cell Lines. Masters thesis, J.K.K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Komarapalayam.
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Abstract
AIM: Herbs are preferred because they do not produce any adverse effect with respect to their popularity and therapeutic utility. There is evidence of herbs having been used in the treatment of various diseases. Hence both V. nugendo and H. indicum were selected for the present investigation on in vitro anticancer activity. DISCUSSION: Ever since the existence of human being, plants have been exploited for several purposes including medicinal purposes. Plants are the primary source of biologically active phytochemicals present in conventional medicaments. Medicinal systems viz., Ayurveda, Unani and Sidda employ the use of these plants for treatment of diseases. Ethnobotanical studies highlight the relationships between various cultures and the traditional use of plants. Several ethnic groups all over the world employ a number of plant species for treatment of various ailments ranging from mild infections to fatal infections. Often, these studies are of importance and provide essential information for development of scientific research to justify the therapeutic potential of plants [40]. Brine shrimp lethality bioassay is an in vivo lethality assay that employs a simple zoologic organism as a convenient monitor for screening, discovering and monitoring various bioactivities of natural compounds. This test is very useful in determining various biological activities such as cytotoxic, phototoxic, pesticidal, trypanocidal, enzyme inhibition, and ion regulation activities. The assay can also be extrapolated for cell-line toxicity and antitumor activity. The method is rapid as it utilizes only 24 hours, inexpensive and needs no special equipment. It is even simple in that it does not require aseptic conditions to perform. The assay employs large number of organisms for validation and a relatively small amount of sample. This bioassay has been employed to determine cytotoxic activity of plant extracts [41-44]. In our study, the ethanol extract of V. negundo and H. indicum displayed cytotoxic activity as evidenced by the dose dependent mortality of brine shrimp larvae. Among extracts, higher cytotoxicity was observed in case of H. indicum extract than that of extract of V. negundo. High mortality of shrimps caused by extract of H. indicum could be ascribed to the presence of high phenolic and flavonoid content. In another study [45] showed cytotoxic activity in terms of brine shrimp mortality of two compounds isolated from leaves of V. negundo. Crude ethanol extract and solvent fractions of bark of V. negundo were shown to exhibit marked cytotoxic effect in terms of mortality of brine shrimp larvae [45]. The reported results show that ethanolic extract of H. indicum has significant anticancer effect on prostate cancer (PC-3 cell line) compared to cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). The earlier work revealed that the ethanol extract of H. indicum leaves possess cytotoxic and anticancer properties [46]. Apoptosis is generally considered an energy-dependent process requiring active participation of many proteins and other cellular macromolecules. It is due to the fact that most of the intense genotoxic stimuli damage the proteins (or genes which are making those proteins) and other cellular macromolecules which may be required for apoptosis. The damage to proteins would result in their denaturation. This denaturation would confine the damaged DNA to the nuclear area giving a sharper outline to the nuclear boundary in necrotic cells. This sharpness in outline in necrotic cells may also be due to larger sized DNA, which does not diffuse as it does in apoptotic cells where DNA is as small as 180 bases. Verification of the apoptotic activity was carried out based on the pattern of DNA bands produced from a gel electrophoresis. In apoptosis, cells are lysed gradually and systematically to produce membrane-bound apoptotic bodies, which was suggested to play a major role in suppressing inflammatory responses to other neighbouring cells. Apoptotic bodies or cells which underwent apoptosis produce a specific pattern of DNA fragments with the multiples of 200 bp due to specific action of activated nucleases. These isolated fragments produced bands in a ladder pattern, in contrast with the smeared pattern produced from necrosis activity (Figure 7). Results obtained in this study in a way supported the various claims made by researches on the anticancer properties of these plant [10-15]. Further studies are being carried out to identify the active principle of the extract. Thus, it can be concluded that the strong antiproliferative activity of extract on cancer cells suggests its possible development as an anticancer agent. The mode of action of the extract was by the induction of apoptotic activity on cancer cells. CONCLUSION: Natural products discovered from medicinal plants have played an important role in the treatment of cancer. The present study points to the potential anticancer activity of chloroform and ethanol extract of V. negundo and H. indicum. Further studies to characterize the active principles and elucidate the mechanism of the action of ethanol and chloroform extract are in progress. Hence these plant extracts may have clinical and therapeutic proposition in the most life threaten disease like cancer and further studies are required to investigate these plant samples as antineoplastic agents. Therefore, it is anticipated that plants can provide potential bioactive compounds for the development of new ‘leads’ to combat cancer diseases.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
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| Uncontrolled Keywords: | In Vitro Anti-Cancer Activities ; Vitex Negundo ; Heliotropium Indicum Extracts ; Human Cancer Cell Lines |
| Subjects: | PHARMACY > Pharmacology |
| Depositing User: | Ravindran C |
| Date Deposited: | 05 Jan 2018 05:40 |
| Last Modified: | 05 Jan 2018 05:40 |
| URI: | http://repository-tnmgrmu.ac.in/id/eprint/4947 |
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