Ramya, Kuttivelu (2017) Depletion of Nicotine Dependence and Abstinence Syndrome (Withdrawal Symptoms) of Tobacco Smoking by Using Banico Emulsion (Poly Herbal Formulation) in Sprague Dawley Rats. Masters thesis, C.L. Baid Metha College of Pharmacy, Chennai.
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Abstract
Smoking is slow poison which could be the cause of death for all its users. The cause of dependence to smoking is due to the presence of nicotine other then nicotine commercially marketed cigarettes contain many chemical compounds which results in various diseases like cancer, COPD, ischemic cardiac disorders, renal and hepatic dysfunction ,oxidative stress and also causes impairment of memory and condition progresses additional cognitive abilities or impact. Abstinence syndrome is major cue for smoking As per the previous studies of plant materials(active constituents )used in the formulation of Banico Emulsion conclude that the active constituents can deplitiate the somatic and non-somatic signs appeared in abstinence syndrome and indirectly decreease the dependence to nicotine. The somatic signs are assessed observing the animals directly during the dependence and abstinence syndrome period and concluded whether the animals are recovered by the treatment with Banico Emulsion. The non-somatic signs are assessed by using various different parameters namely actophotometer, elevated zero maze, marble burying method , morris water maze and rotarod Overall withdrawal symptoms appeared to meetall the stated criteria for nicotine abstinence syndrome. signs appeared far more frequently after 16-24 hours after the termination of both NHT and CS in their respective methods. The frequency of signs were far greater in previously induced rats than in contol animals. Abstinence signs were significantly decreased with the treatment of banico emulsion.sharp transient decrease in activity provide additional evidence to differentiate the dependence, absitnence and recovery period. Actophotometer is the parameter to assess the locomotor activity and anhedonia during the Dependence , abstinence syndrome and treatment period. Normal rat are expected to exhibit an locomotor percentage of 60-70. The induced rats are expected produce increased locomoter activity due to euphoria during the dependence period followed by decreased locomotor activity during withdrawal period due to the decrease in dopamine, nor epinephrine and serotonine levels in brain. According to the animals which were either NHT or CS induced increased depression due to the termination of nicotine in withdrawal period. but animals treated with Banico Emulsion produced a significant decrease in a depression which was comparable to the untreated control which in turn indicates the increased locomator activity and decreased stress of the animals. Elevated zero maze is the parameter to assess the conditioned fear during the dependence , abstinence syndrome and treatment period. The ability to alternate requires that the rat know which arm they have already visited.Normal rat are expected to exhibit an alteration percentage of 60-70. The induced rats are expected produce increased due to euphoria during the dependence period followed by decreased alteration during withdrawal period due to the decrease in dopamine, nor epinephrine and serotonine levels in brain. According to the animals which were either NHT or CS induced increased depression due to the termination of nicotine in withdrawal period. but animals treated with banico emulsion produced a significant decrease in a conditioned fear which was comparable to the untreated control which in turn indicates the increased alteration and decreased irritability or confusion of the animals. Morris water maze task represents more specific for spatial learning and memory. The essential feature of this technique is that rats are placed into large circular pool of water and can escape into a hidden platform. Thus, the platform offers no local cues to guide escape behavior and the rat can escape from swimming by climbing on to the platform apparently learns the spatial location of the platform any starting position at the circumference of the pool. The only spatial cues are those outside water tank are primarily visual cues. Thus, the versatility of the task makes it a widely acceptable experimental model for the assessment of cognitive tests. Typically, the induced animals exhibited a decrease time for escape latency during dependence period followed by an increase time for escape latency indicating loss of visual cues to escape n to the platform during withdrawal period. Such a diminished cognition was reversed by the administration of the Banico Emulsion at the specified dosage levels and exhibited escape latency (EL), indicating the well- developed spatial memory in spite of NHT or CS induced abstinence syndrome. Marble burying behavior is the parameter to assess the anxiety related behavior during the dependence , abstinence syndrome and treatment period. Normal rat are expected to bury marble upto percentage of 60-70. The induced rats are expected produce increased burying of marbles due to euphoria during the dependence period followed by decreased burying of marbles during withdrawal period due to the decrease in dopamine, nor epinephrine and serotonine levels in brain. According to the animals which were either NHT or CS induced increased burying of marbles due to the termination of nicotine in withdrawal period. but animals treated with Banico Emulsion produced a significant decrease in a depression which was comparable to the untreated control which in turn indicates the increased burying of marbles and decreased anxiety of the animals. Rotarod is the parameter to assess the muscle contraction property and tremors(somatic sign) during the dependence , abstinence syndrome and treatment period. Normal rat are expected to exhibit an musle fall off time 50-60 seconds . The induced rats are expected produce increased fall off time due to euphoria during the dependence period followed by decreased fall off time during withdrawal period due to the decrease in dopamine, nor epinephrine and serotonine levels in brain.According to the animals which were either NHT or CS induced increased fall off time due to the termination of nicotine in withdrawal period. but animals treated with banico emulsion produced a significant decrease in a depression which was comparable to the untreated control which in turn indicates the increased fall off time and decreased tremors of the animals. nAchr's receptors are involved in cognitive and memory functions and several studies have suggested their roles in dependence. Marked cholinergic deficit is a hallmark of the pathogenesis of smoking dependence and various drugs including NRT and nicotine blockade therapy have designed to target abstinence syndrome but failed to delpetiate dependence to either nicotine or other drugs. There was a significant elevation in the level dopamine, nor-epinephrine and serotonine Previous studies concluded that anti oxidant property like SOD and GSHPx (glutathione peroxidase) in the animals treat the dependence and abstinence syndrome of cigarette smoking . It has been suggested that antioxidant might contribute to the prevention of dependence and abstinence syndrome. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) constitutes a mutually supportive team of defense against reactive oxygen species. The most remarkable effect of banico emulsion is increased activity of SOD in hippocampus. Treatment with banico emulsion preserved the reduced SOD to that of the normal control. Glutathione (GSH) is the major non-protein thiol antioxidant in mammalian cells and is considered the main intracellular redox buffer. GSH protects cellular protein thiols against irreversible loss, thus preserving protein function The administration of banico emulsion significantly preserved the activity of GSH, GPx in the hippocampus to similar level observed in normal control mice. The restoration of activities of GSH, GPx banico emulsion might promote scavenging of free radicals using recycled GSH from GSSG .CONCLUSION: The new methodology of inducing the cigarette smoke induced similar dependence and abstinence Syndrome when compared with the standard method of NHT induce Dependence and abstinence Syndrome method. The new method induced the other Carcinogenic and Oxidative stress effects on all Body Parts. The selected dose 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg of banico emulsion showed significant action on nicotine dependence and abstinence Syndrome but higher dose 400mg/kg showed better action than lower dose 200mg/kg. The present study relieved the action of Banico Emulsion on nicotine hydrogen tartarate and cigarette smoke induced Nicotine Dependence and Abstinence Syndrome in SD rats. From the results it can be concluded that Banico Emulsion had remarkable effect in Abstinence Syndrome which is followed by reduced Nicotine Dependence. Further studies are required for the identification of molecular level action and individual phytoconstitutent on depletion action.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
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| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Nicotine ; Abstinence Syndrome ; Tobacco Smoking ; Banico Emulsion ; Poly Herbal Formulation ; Sprague Dawley Rats. |
| Subjects: | PHARMACY > Pharmacology |
| Depositing User: | Ravindran C |
| Date Deposited: | 26 Dec 2017 02:12 |
| Last Modified: | 01 Feb 2018 16:57 |
| URI: | http://repository-tnmgrmu.ac.in/id/eprint/4808 |
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