Senthil Kumar, M K (2012) Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological screening for Bambusa Vulgaris (Gramineae) and Pandanus Odoratissimus (Pandanaceae). Doctoral thesis, C.L. Baid Metha College of Pharmacy, Chennai.
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Abstract
Despite the recent interest in molecular modeling, combinatorial chemistry, and other synthetic chemistry techniques by pharmaceutical companies and funding organizations, natural products, particularly medicinal plants, remains an important source of new drugs, new drug leads, and new chemical entities. It is evident that, natural products have played a vital role in drug discovery, by contributing a wide variety of phytochemicals for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, infections related with viral and microbial origin and other health disorders. After collection and authentication of the plant material, the plant materials were analysed for pharmacognostic and physiochemical parameters. Both Bambusa vulgaris leaf and Pandanus odoratissimus root material were studied for extractive value and found to be nearly equal. The alcohol soluble extractives for Bambusa vulgaris leaf and Pandanus odoratissimus root found to be 8 and 10 % respectively. Similarly the water soluble extractives found to be 11.1 and 12% respectively. For phytochemical study the dry leaf powder of Bambusa vulgaris and root powder of Pandanus odoratissimus extracted with different solvents was dried under reduced pressure and the average extractive value was found to be 1.4% (hexane), 0.6% (benzene), 3% (chloroform), 1.4% (ethyl acetate) and 6 % (methanol) for Bambusa vulgaris and 2 % (hexane), 1.8% (benzene), 3.5% (chloroform), 2 % (ethyl acetate) and 8 % (methanol) for Pandanus odoratissimus. The qualitative chemical tests were performed on the both plant extracts to detect the various phyto- constituents present in them as per the standard procedures and findings were recorded. The qualitative chemical tests on the methanolic extract of Bambusa vulgaris Schrad leaves revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics and tannins, phytosterols and triterpenoids, fixed oils and fats, where as remaining extracts showed the presence for Phytosterols and Triterpenoids, methanol and chloroform extracts showed the presence for carbohydrates. Similar results were observed for the methanolic extract of Pandanus odoratissimus showed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, alkaloids, phenolics and tannins, phytosterols and triterpenoids in methanolic extract. Whereas remaining extracts showed the presence for phytosterols and triterpenoids, only methanol and chloroform extracts showed the presence for carbohydrates. The methanolic extract from the both the plants were selected for in vivo studies for antipyretic, anti-venom and antidiabetic activities. Prior to in vivo studies, acute toxicity studies were performed in rats and mice as per standard protocol. In acute toxicity studies, all animals were survived in step I and step II until the end of the experimental period. All the animals dosed at 2000 mg/kg body weight did not show evident toxicity throughout the experimental period (Table 7 and 9). The animals which were survived throughout the experiment increased their body weight by day 14 as compared to day 0 (Table 7 and 9). No abnormalities were detected for all the animals at necropsy. Based on the results, the median lethal doses (LD50) of Bambusa vulgaris and Pandanus odoratissimus were greater than 2000mg/kg body weight and are classified as category 4. The methanolic extract of Bambusa vulgaris was studied for its antipyretic properties. The experimental rats showed a marked increase in rectal temperature 18 h after the Brewer’s yeast injection. In the study it is observed that methonolic of Bambusa vulgaris exerted their antipyretic effect with varied efficacy. Bambusa vulgaris at 1000 mg/ kg b wt. exhibited significant antipyretic activity (Table no 10 and Fig.11). Both the test doses of Bambusa vulgaris caused reduction in temperature from 2 h onwards and by the end of 5th hour temperatures of both the groups brought down to normal. The methanolic extract of Pandanus odoratissimus was studied for its venom neutralizing potential. Test doses 1000, 750, 500 and 250 mg/ kg b. wt of methanolic extract of Pandanus odoratissimus were selected and studied for their venom neutralizing potency. The methanolic extract exhibited venom neutralizing effect in dose-dependant manner (Table 11). The methanolic extract exhibited significant venom antagonistic effect at the higher test dose i.e at 1000 mg/kg b. wt. by exhibiting the percent increase in survival rate by 75 %. Whereas, at 750 mg/ kg b. wt dose it showed moderate activity with 25 % increase in survival of animals. At the lower doses, methanolic extract failed to offer protection to the animals. Treatment with standard snake venom antiserum has protected all the animals from the lethal effects of venom. In anti-diabetic studies, different extracts of Bambusa vulgaris and Pandanus odoratissimus were investigated for their glucose uptake enhancing properties in vitro in L-6 cell line. Methanolic extracts of both the plants enhanced the glucose uptake in L-6 cells over control. Among the extracts, methanolic extracts of Bambusa vulgaris and Pandanus odoratissimus exhibited better glucose uptake enhancement properties with 13.50 ± 3.10 and 28.99 ± 3.56 percent over control. Glucose uptake studies in isolated rat hemi diaphragm also revealed the similar results. Methanolic extracts of Bambusa vulgaris and Pandanus odoratissimus enhanced the glucose uptake by 11.25 ± 1.35 and 19.86 ± 1.86 percent over control. In vivo studies with methanolic extracts of Bambusa vulgaris and Pandanus odoratissimus against Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rat model. Diabetic rats treated with Bambusa vulgaris and Pandanus odoratissimus showed augmented body weight when compared with STZ alone treated rats. The blood glucose increased in STZ-diabetic rats as compared to normal rats. However, treatment of STZ-diabetic rats with Pandanus odoratissimus significantly reduced the hyperglycemia when compared with STZ alone treated rats. Whereas, Bambusa vulgaris was found to be moderately active at its higher test dose i.e 1000 mg/ kg. HbAIC levels were higher in the STZ-induced diabetic rats compared to the control rats. The supplementation of 1000 mg/kg of Pandanus odoratissimus decreased the HbAIC level of the STZ induced diabetic rats. In STZ-diabetic rats the activities of serum CK and LDH were significantly increased (p < 0.05). The administration of 1000mg/kg dose of Pandanus odoratissimus to STZ-diabetics rats decreased the activity of LDH significantly, when compared other test groups. However, the serum CK did not return to the basal level compared to STZ controls. STZ treatment elevated the levels of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, creatinine, urea, and ALP. It was observed that the treatment with Pandanus odoratissimus had brought down the test parameters towards normal levels in dose dependant manner. Whereas, Bambusa vulgaris failed to bring down these parameters towards normal. HDL levels were poorly elevated by Pandanus odoratissimus and Bambusa vulgaris treatment, when compared to STZ treated control group. Based on these in vivo results, methanolic extract of Pandanus odoratissimus was processed further to identify the phytoconstituents present in it. Fractions from the methanolic extract of Pandanus odoratissimus were further studied in vitro to determine their glucose uptake enhancement properties. It was observed that, methanol (100%) fraction exhibited significant enhancement in glucose uptake in L-6 cells with 38.55 ± 4.32 percent over control (Table 17 and Fig 30). Other fractions, Chloroform:Methanol (50:50) and Chloroform:Methanol (30:70) also enhanced the glucose uptake by 23.44 ± 2.49 and 24.84 ± 2.95 percent over control. Based on the pharmacological reports, methanolic extracts of Pandanus odoratissimus and Bambusa vulgaris were further processed for the isolation of active phytoconstituents. We were successful in isolating Palmitic acid and Heptadecanoic acid ethyl ester from Bambusa vulgaris and Pandanus odoratissimus, respectively. In conclusion, methanolic extracts of Pandanus odoratissimus and Bambusa vulgaris were evaluated for different biological activities. Methanolic extract of Bambusa vulgaris was found to have significant antipyretic properties. Whereas, Pandanus odoratissimus exhibited potent venom neutralizing and antidiabetic properties. Its venom neutralizing activity confirms its traditional claim as an anti-dote. Whereas, its anti-diabetic activity was observed for the first time and good finding of present study.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Doctoral) |
|---|---|
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical, Pharmacological screening, Bambusa Vulgaris, Gramineae, Pandanus Odoratissimus, Pandanaceae. |
| Subjects: | PHARMACY > Pharmaceutical Chemistry |
| Depositing User: | Subramani R |
| Date Deposited: | 19 Aug 2017 03:50 |
| Last Modified: | 28 Oct 2022 15:10 |
| URI: | http://repository-tnmgrmu.ac.in/id/eprint/2692 |
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