Pugazharasi, G (2022) Standardization of Purification of Ayam. Masters thesis, National Institute of Siddha, Chennai.
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Abstract
The unique nature of Siddha system of medicine is its continuous service to humanity for more than 5000 years in combating diseases and in maintaining its physical, mental and moral health. Siddha system as it mists, has much common with the enormous pharmacopoeia containing plant, metals, minerals and animal origin. Siddhar’s are well expertized in all the principles of Siddha which ruins in the salvation such as Vaatham (Alchemy), Vaidhiyam (Medicine), Gnanam (Wisdom). The classification of universe is plants, minerals and animal Kingdom in which Mineral is further subdivided into Metals, Mercury and salts, Pashanam, Uparasam etc., ❖ Purification is primary step in removing impurities and increase the medicinal value of the drug. Standardization helps to maximize, compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability or quality. It is essential to scientifically valid the quality and safety of single drugs of herbals, minerals, metals, animal origin and also compound formulations. ❖ As per the Siddha Literature, Ayam is fundamentally formed with the compound of five types of Dhosam (Thodam) namely Ooral, Thirai, Savidu, Udaichchal, Sirasam which are the impurities that has to be removed using various methodologies given in the text. The study is focussed to observe and analyze the purification process of Ayam as given in the text in Theraiyar Yamaha venpa for Standard purification technique. ❖ Iron ore was collected from the natural source in the Cauvery river at Kumarapalayam, Namakkal (the latitude and longitude of 11.4418082, 77.6868783). The soil collected from the river was allowed to dry and the Iron was separated using Magnetic separation method. The iron ore is then used for the purification procedure after appropriate authentication. ❖ The flower of Madhuca indica was collected in the campus of SCRI and Authentication was obtained from the botanist. ❖ Purification procedure was carried out in the Laboratory of Gunapadam, NIS and were analysed in three samples (Before, during and after purification process). For the purpose of standardization, the samples are mentioned as S I (Unpurified), SII (Mid purifying) and S III (Purified). ❖ The Physico-chemical analysis was done at Centre for Advanced Research in Indian System of Medicine (CARISM), SASTRA University, Thanjavur. ❖ The results shows that the the colour, odour and nature of S I and S III remains unchanged in all the samples, pH of the sample I is 7.19 (Alkaline in nature) which is reduced in S III to 5.64 (Acidic nature) after purification. ❖ The percentage of loss on drying in S 1 is 0.0396 %w/w lesser than the S III of 0.8498 %w/w. The acid insoluble ash value of S I and S III was found to be 82.5%w/w. The total ash value of Ayam before 58.5%w/w and after purification was 86.2% w/w. ❖ The extract values provides the indication of extent of polar and non-polar compounds respectively. Water soluble extraction of unpurified Ayam (S I) was found to be 0.0716%w/w. ❖ Bio Chemical analysis of Ayam before and after purification was carried out in the laboratory of Biochemistry, NIS that shows the presence of ferrous iron and silicate in both the samples. Starch, reducing sugars and unsaturated compounds are present in the sample III after purification. ❖ The quantitative analysis includes ICP-OES, FTIR, GCMS, XRD and HR-SEM with EDS was given in SAIF, IIT, Madras, Guindy. ❖ In ICP-OES, Sample I shows the presence of Iron with the concentration of 78.27mg/L which was reduced to 60.79 mg/L. Also the amount of Zinc and Sulphur in S III is increased to 0.042 mg/L and 0.012 mg/L from S I 0.012 mg/L and 0.003 mg/L after purification indicating that the purification process reduces the concentration of elements. ❖ In FTIR, Functional groups in S I are more number of Amines, Carboxylic acids, Alkenes, Aryl and Alkyl halides were similar in S II and Sample III contains added functional group namely Anhydrides, Secondary aminoacids, Aldehydes, Alkyne, Nitro compounds and saturated aliphatic compounds. ❖ The XRD presented clearly in S3 samples without other peaks (γ-Fe2O3) indicating that the samples are completely transformed into pure α-Fe2O3 phase during hydrothermal process X-ray diffraction of the samples, which inform the genuinity and stability of the formulation, with respect to the standard reference materials. ❖ In Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis explained that the reduction in particle size of purified Ayam S III and S II is increased when compared to the particle size of Unpurified Ayam S I. ❖ In EDX results shows that the change in S I, SII and S III were depicted and it indicates the elemental composition shows decrease in its weight percentage of Fe from 59.59 to 50.80. And the composition of Palladium, Vanadium and calcium were increased after purification in S III of about 01.14%, 00.42 % and 00.95 % when compared to Sample I. ❖ The study shows the importance of purification before it take up for the medicinal preparation. Every metals, minerals and substance which has potent toxic effects as per the Siddha literature. The study clearly depicts that it’s necessary to purify and standardize the raw drug. CONCLUSION: The present study is an attempt to establish the scientific basis of the purification of Ayam. The following inferences are drawn based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of before and after purification of Ayam with the flower of Madhuca indica. Quality of a drug can be defined by the status of the raw material which is determined by the identity, purity and other chemical, physical or biological properties and by the manufacturing processes. ❖ After purification S III is turned from alkaline to acidic (5.64) nature, presence of starch, reducing sugars and unsaturated compounds, reduction in concentration and size, increase in the concentration of Vanadium, Titanium and calcium, functional groups are added, high purity and crystallinity of the samples without other peaks of Gamma and beta indicates that the purification method stimulates and yields therapeutic value to the metal. ❖ From the observed results and interpretation, it is concluded that the raw drug Ayam was purified and analyzed. There were remarkable changes was found between unpurified and purified form of Ayam. If the purification is carried as per the Siddha literature, it should be taken for medicinal preparations and that will fulfill the therapeutic purposes. ❖ The purification methodologies given by Theraiyar is standard of other purification methods. The selected purification method is found to be time consuming and hard to carry out. In future, comparative study of various other simple purification methods has to be carried out to analyse the change in their properties that may be used in future for further research to validate the purification methodologies. ❖ Hence the concept of purification procedure as mentioned in Siddha text provides contemporary evidence with a good scientific background. These explorations will definitely help to set a standard procedure for purification of Ayam in future.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
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| Additional Information: | Reg.No.321516206 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | Ayam, Standardization, Purification. |
| Subjects: | AYUSH > Nanju Noolum Maruthuva Neethi Noolum |
| Depositing User: | Subramani R |
| Date Deposited: | 01 May 2023 18:47 |
| Last Modified: | 24 Feb 2024 07:05 |
| URI: | http://repository-tnmgrmu.ac.in/id/eprint/21236 |
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