Vishnu Priya, V (2020) Expression of CD24 and CD144 in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma patients Associated with Habits. Masters thesis, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Oral cancer is a serious and growing burden in many parts of the world. It is the eleventh most common cancer in the world. There is a wide variation in the incidence and mortality globally due to significant variations in exposure to behavioral and environmental risk factors linked to oral cavity and pharynx. In India tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption are well established risk factors for oral cancer. Ninety percent of oral cancers are OSCC histologically. Pathogenesis of OSCC involves cytogenetic changes and epigenetic processes that brings about modification in progression of the cell cycle, DNA repair mechanisms, cell differentiation and apoptosis. This may occur due to mutation, exposure to a variety of biological factors, such as HPV, carcinogens or errors in the DNA repair process. The 5-year survival rate after diagnosis of OSCC remains low in spite of significant advances in treatment due to advanced stage at diagnosis, tumor recurrence and lack of markers for early detection. It has been suggested that tumor growth and propagation may be driven by “cancer stem cells” (CSCs). CD24 is one of the most common stem cell marker implicated in tumor progression and metastasis. CD24 is a small, heavily glycosylated, mucin-like cell surface protein that is expressed in many human malignancies. It functions in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions an also identified as an alternate ligand for P-selectin, an adhesion receptor on platelets and endothelial cells. CD24 mediates signal transduction by recruiting Src family protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) via membrane rafts, and activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, which involves B- and T-cell development and apoptosis, cell binding and granulocyte oxidative burst. High levels of CD24 in tumor tissue are linked to tumor progression, suggesting that CD24 might be a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Metastasis begins with the invasion of tumor cells through the walls of small blood vessels or lymph vessels. Vascular‑like channels were formed in melanoma which functions as tumor blood vessels. This phenomenon was called vasculogenic mimicry (VM). VM indicates a poor prognosis. Vascular endothelial‑cadherin (VE-cadherin), an adhesive protein, is a major determinant of endothelial cell contact integrity and regulation of its activity or its presence at cell contacts is an essential step that controls the permeability of the blood vessel wall for cells and substances. Overexpression level of VE-cadherin enhances the cancer neovascularization, growth and progression. HYPOTHESIS: There is no difference in the expression of CD24 and CD144 in normal mucosa and oral squamous cell carcinoma patients associated with the habit of smoking/chewing tobacco and areca nut. AIM OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the expression of CD24 and CD144 in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients associated with the habit of smoking/chewing tobacco and areca nut. OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the expression of CD24 and CD144 using anti-CD24 rabbit polyclonal primary antibody, VE-cadherin rabbit polyclonal primary antibody and secondary polyexcel HRP/DAB detection kit by immunohistochemistry on formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections of: Oral squamous cell carcinoma associated with the habit of smoking/chewing tobacco and areca nut. Normal mucosa. To compare the expression of CD24 and CD144 in normal mucosa and OSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study material comprised of 37(N=37) formalin - fixed, paraffin embedded archival tissue specimens. The samples were divided into 2 groups namely: Group I, Group II. Group I: Oral squamous cell carcinoma tissues(n=20) Group II: Normal oral mucosal tissues(n=17) RESULTS: Group I consisted of 8 (40%) cases in the age group of 25 – 50 years and 12 (60%) cases in the age group of above 50 years. Group II consisted of 2 (11.8%) cases below 20 years, 12 (70.6%) cases in 25 – 50 years and 3 (17.6%) cases above 50 years. In group I, 18 (90%) were males and 2 (10%) were females. In group II, 6 (35.3%) were males and 11 (64.7%) were females. In group - I (oral squamous cell carcinoma), 13 (65%) had the habit of chewing tobacco, 2 (10%) cases had habit of chewing betel nut and alcohol consumption, 3 (15%) had the habit of cigarette smoking with the habit of chewing tobacco and betel nut, 1 (5%) had the habit of smoking cigarette and 1(5%) had the habit of smoking beedi. In group - II (normal mucosa), 17 (100%) case had no habit history. In group - I of 20 (100%), the site of biopsy of 9 (45%) cases was buccal mucosa, 5 (25%) cases was tongue, 2 (10%) cases was palatal mucosa and 1 (5%) cases was vestibular mucosa. In group - II 6 (35. 3%) cases was buccal mucosa, 8 (47.1%) cases was gingiva and 2 (11.8%) cases was pericoronal flap. In group - I, the staining intensity of CD144 in basal cell layer was mild in 2 (10%) cases and absent in 18 (90%) cases. In group - II, mild expression of CD144 in basal cell layer was seen in 3 (17.6%) of cases and absent in 14 (82.4%) cases. In group - I, the staining intensity of CD144 in supra basal cell layer was mild in 4(20%) cases, moderate in 7 (35%) cases and absent in 9(45%) cases. In group - II, mild expression of CD144 in supra basal cell layer was seen in 10(58.8%) cases, moderate in 4 (23.5%) cases and absent in 3 (17.6%) cases. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.045). In group - I, the staining intensity of CD144 in connective tissue was mild in 10 (50%) cases, moderate in 5 (25%) cases, intense in 3 (15%) cases and absent in 2 (10%) cases. In group - II, mild expression of CD144 in connective tissue was seen in 9 (52.9%) cases, moderate in 3 (17.6%) cases, intense in 1(5.9%) cases and absent in 4 (23.5%) cases. In group - I, the staining intensity of CD24 in basal cell layer was mild in 1 (5%) case and absent in rest 19 (95%) cases. In group - II, mild expression of CD24 on basal cell layer was seen in 2 (11.8%) cases and absent in rest 15 (88.2%) cases. In group - I, the staining intensity of CD24 in supra basal cell layer was mild in 11(55%) cases, moderate in 1 (5%) case and absent in 8 (40%) cases. In group - II, mild expression of CD24 in supra basal cell layer was seen in 11 (64.7%) cases, moderate in 1 (5.9%) cases and absent in 5 (29.4%) cases. In group - I, the staining intensity of CD24 in connective tissue was mild in 6 (30%) cases, moderate in 10 (50%) cases, intense in 2 (10%) cases and absent in 2 (10%) cases. In group - II, mild expression of CD24 in connective tissue was seen in 8(47.1%) cases, moderately expressed in 1 (5.9%) case, intense in 1 (5.9%) cases and absent in 7 (41.2%) cases. This was statistically significant (p=0.014). In oral squamous cell carcinoma cases, 2 (10%) cases showed mild expression of CD144 and 1 (5%) case showed mild expression of CD24 in basal cell layer. In oral squamous cell carcinoma cases, 4 (20%) cases showed mild expression and 7 (35%) showed moderate expression of CD144 in suprabasal cell layer while 11 (55%) cases showed mild expression and 1(5%) case showed moderate expression of CD24 in basal cell layer. A statistically significant difference was found between the staining intensity in the suprabasal cell layer of CD144 and CD24 among oral squamous cell carcinoma cases (p=0.020). CONCLUSION: Increased CD144 and CD24 expression was seen in OSCC compared to normal controls. The expression of CD144 was higher in OSCC cases associated with the habit of chewing tobacco and increased CD24 expression was observed in OSCC cases associated with the habit of smoking cigarette and chewing tobacco. CD144 was intense in vascular channels and cells around the vascular channels indicating neoangiogenesis in OSCC. Higher expression of CD24 in the connective tissue could be indicative of invasive front. Our results suggest CD144 and CD24 expression correlates to angiogenesis and vascular mimicry.
| Item Type: | Thesis (Masters) |
|---|---|
| Additional Information: | 241721154 |
| Uncontrolled Keywords: | CD24, Cluster of Differentiation 144 (CD144), Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC), Cancer Stem Cell (CSCs), Vasculogenic mimicry (VM). |
| Subjects: | DENTAL > Oral Pathology and Microbiology |
| Depositing User: | Subramani R |
| Date Deposited: | 24 Feb 2021 16:29 |
| Last Modified: | 26 Feb 2021 01:20 |
| URI: | http://repository-tnmgrmu.ac.in/id/eprint/14479 |
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